Introduction

1. What is containerization?

   • Containerization is a lightweight, portable, and self-sufficient technology that allows applications and their dependencies to be packaged together in a consistent and isolated environment called a container.

2. Explain the difference between virtualization and containerization.

   • Virtualization involves running multiple virtual machines on a single physical machine, each with its own operating system. Containerization, on the other hand, shares the host OS kernel and isolates applications in containers.

3. What is Docker?

   • Docker is a popular containerization platform that allows developers to package applications and their dependencies into containers. It provides tools for building, shipping, and running containers.

4. How do containers differ from virtual machines (VMs)?

   • Containers share the host OS kernel, are lightweight, and have faster startup times compared to VMs. VMs, on the other hand, have a full OS stack, are heavier, and may take longer to start.

5. Explain the components of a Docker container.

   • Docker containers consist of the application code, runtime, system libraries, and other settings. They are built from images, which are layered and share common layers when possible.

6. What is a Docker image?

   • A Docker image is a lightweight, standalone, and executable package that includes everything needed to run a piece of software, including the code, runtime, libraries, and system tools.

7. What is Docker Hub?

   • Docker Hub is a cloud-based registry service by Docker that allows users to share and access container images. It is a repository of pre-built Docker images.

8. Explain the concept of container orchestration.

   • Container orchestration involves managing the deployment, scaling, and operation of containers in a cluster. Popular tools for container orchestration include Kubernetes, Docker Swarm, and Apache Mesos.

9. What is Kubernetes?

   • Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration platform that automates the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications.

10. How does Kubernetes achieve high availability?

    • Kubernetes achieves high availability through features like automated load balancing, automatic scaling, and the ability to reschedule containers in case of node failures.

11. What is a Pod in Kubernetes?

    • A Pod is the smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes, representing a single instance of a running process. It encapsulates one or more containers, shared storage, and network resources.

12. What is container networking, and how does it work?

    • Container networking enables communication between containers in the same or different hosts. Docker, Kubernetes, and other containerization platforms provide networking solutions to allow containers to communicate with each other.

13. Explain the concept of Docker Compose.

    • Docker Compose is a tool for defining and running multi-container Docker applications. It uses a YAML file to configure application services, networks, and volumes, making it easy to manage complex container setups.

14. What are some security considerations for containerized applications?

    • Security considerations include image security, runtime security, network security, and access control. Implementing least privilege principles and regularly updating images are essential for container security.

15. How do you handle persistent data in containers?

    • Persistent data in containers can be managed using volumes, which are shared directories between the host and the container. Docker volumes or Kubernetes Persistent Volumes are commonly used for this purpose.

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